African Americans used migration as more than simple movement from one locale to another, often journeying for personal development, financial mobility, and to secure the promises of social progress framed in the Declaration of Independence. Their movement – as seen in the migration of leaders like Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Mary Church Terrell, and George Washington Carver – transformed the landscapes of each new environment by invigorating the industries in those